Ambivalence and innovative moments in grief psychotherapy: the cases of Emily and Rose

Several studies have suggested that the process of narrative change in psychotherapy occurs through the
emergence and expansion of moments of novelty, known as innovative moments (IMs), that allow
changes in the problematic self-narrative responsible for the client’s suffering. However, as these IMs
challenge typical (and problematic) ways of acting, feeling, and thinking, they may also generate
discrepancy or uncertainty. Clients may reduce uncertainty by returning to the problematic self-narrative
immediately after the emergence of an IM, thus ensuring the homeostasis of the previous meaning
system. This cyclical movement is a form of ambivalence, which can maintain problematic stability
across therapy and lead to therapeutic failure. In this study, we identified return to the problem markers
(RPMs), which are empirical indicators of the ambivalence process, for all IMs in two cases of
constructivist grief psychotherapy. Both cases evidenced a high percentage of IMs with RPMs, and the
evolution of IMs and RPMs along treatment was significantly correlated. We suggest that stability of the
ambivalence process in grief psychotherapy may represent a form of self-protection from the anxiety or
guilt of releasing pain as a disconnection from the deceased.