The prevalence of Bi-Directional intimate partner violence reported by Portuguese men

[Excerpt] 1. Introduction
Despite the widespread debate on gender asymmetry (e.g., Dobash and Dobash, 2004; Hines and Douglas, 2010; Johnson, 1995;
Straus, 2010), it is now widely recognized that both men and women can be perpetrators and victims of IPV (e.g., Capaldi et al., 2009;
Dardis et al., 2015; Tillyer and Wright, 2014; Zverina et al., 2011). Controversy still exists regarding the relative proportions of
violence suffered and perpetrated by men and by women. For example, when studies focus on crime statistics, women form the
majority of victims (e.g., Brogden and Nijhar, 2004; RASI, 2017). However, international studies (e.g., Lövestad and Krantz, 2012;
Randle and Graham, 2011) with community samples have found that men experience significant levels of IPV (e.g., Archer, 2000;
Beel, 2013; Hines and Douglas, 2011; Lövestad and Krantz, 2012; Machado and Matos, 2012; Machado and Matos, 2014). In the US,
community samples with adults in heterosexual relationships have shown that 25%–50% of victims are male (Hines and Douglas,
2011).[...]
This research was supported by Grant SFRH/BD/76309/2011 from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia awarded to Andreia Machado. Additionally, this study was (partially) conducted at Psychology Research Centre, University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science through national funds and when applicable co-financed by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (UID/PSI/01662/2013).