Emotional induction through music: Measuring cardiac and electrodermal responses of emotional states and their persistence

The Supplementary Material for this article can be foundonlineat:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00451/full#supp…
Emotional inductions through music (EIM) procedures have proved to evoke genuine emotions according to neuroimaging studies. However, the persistence of the emotional states after being exposed to musical excerpts remains mostly unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the curve of emotional state generated by an EIM paradigm over a 6-min recovery phase, monitored with valence and arousal self-report measures, and physiological parameters. Stimuli consisted of a neutral and two valenced musical excerpts previously reported to generate such states. The neutral excerpt was composed in a minimalist form characterized by simple sonorities, rhythms, and patterns; the positive excerpt had fast tempo and major tones, and the negative one was slower in tempo and had minor tone. Results of 24 participants revealed that positive and negative EIM effectively induced self-reported happy and sad emotions and elicited higher skin conductance levels (SCL). Although self-reported adjectives describing evoked-emotions states changed to neutral after 2 min in the recovery phase, the SCL data suggest longer lasting arousal for both positive and negative emotional states. The implications of these outcomes for musical research are discussed.
We would like to thank all the participants who collaborated in this study and the reviewers whose suggestions helped to improve the quality of the manuscript. We acknowledge the financial support of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-grant 229520/2013-8) and also the Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (FCT-SFRH/BPD/91347/2012). Moreover, we want to thank the Psychology Research Centre (UID/PSI/01662/2013), the University of Minho, which is supported by the FCT and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653). And finally, we want to thank the Research Centre for Human Development (CEDH) also supported by the FCT (UID/CED/4872/2016).